parikshith_shashikumar Annotations

3. Argument Anatomy: Excluding the Introduction, list out/ identify the key movements of the argument, till conclusion. Each one a few sentences. (If a Book, list out what each chapter/section contributed)

Tuesday, May 14, 2019 - 12:36pm
The first chapter establishes the claim to authority and the incorporation of choice in its nature of power. The second chapter adds the aspect of information mobility to the fold.
 The third is builds an in-depth analysis of differentiation through a multitude of cases. It is here that Busch lists out the different types of standards. They are  Olympic standards, filters, ranks, and divisions. Each one's treatment of their respective variables clutters creates different arrangements, systems, and qualities. Through the classification into types, Busch is able to show just how versatile the operation and function of standards really are. Moreover, each type is used in particular settings for particular functions, thus creating correspondingly particular forms of choice, value, and enactments. It is through this chapter that Busch laid the ground for his larger target, ethics in the neoliberal landscape.
The fourth chapter sees him move towards the larger standard systems in a neoliberal setting, emphasizing evaluation as the key aspect that is practiced, taught and expected. From systems of evaluation Busch moves to systems of value in the next chapter, dealing with ethics and justice. This bears the weight of all the technical aspects of standards that Busch has hitherto revealed. As complex dynamic technical objects of systemizing, their presence within areas of social value is anything but straight forward. In fact, Busch using Latour treatment of technology and society deduces that standards are social values made into technologies. And thus, differing notions of social value can be made durable simultaneously through the manufacturing of respective standards. The issue of contentions hence stems from durability rather than interpretive disagreement, for the common ground of evaluation is split into two different technologies that can exist operate and expound the same social value separately.
Taking on from this heterogeneity of standard systems in social spaces Busch final chapter incorporates the democratic state exists on economic principles. Here differentiation returns as an aspect of the economic state where such standards are used to incorporate or rather govern objects and people. Here Busch shows how frameworks of cost befit and risk assessments are untimely the technologized social values of the state. Moreover, there is more and more stock being put into such technologizing of social value, as such governance is optimized and suitable within a democratic framework.
Busch warns against such overemphasis on standards as allowing less and less for society as a real interactive process, making it more and more a technical performance. In this Busch suggests standards for standards that optimize fairness, equity, and effectiveness as key evaluative functions.
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2. Agenda : Thesis, Ideas of Focus, Claims/ Assumptions, Method

Tuesday, May 14, 2019 - 12:30pm
The core methodological concept nearly all of Busch's analysis stems from is that of authority. Busch asserts that standards are a form of moral, political, economic and technical authority. The rest of the book examines each type of authority, emphasizing a the connive situational strands. It also elaborates upon the nature of this authority itself. In this, he traces the kind of authoritative function standards have played on a historical level. During the enlightenment standards played the role of universalizing conduct, concepts, and mechanisms, this was the fundamental nature of its authority. In the modern era, differentiation becomes a more dominant aspect. Through differentiation, standards accuse a higher level of scrutiny, monitoring, and regulation through devices such as audits, certification. There is a shift from manufacturing a regulative common or general, to an evaluating of the individual.
Two adjacent concepts to these qualities of authority is that of choice and information mobility. Pertaining to the former, Busch analysis of standards finds that choices, decisions, trends all aspects at play, are not opposed to standards, especially in operation. Busch shows choices or  'play' in general is not restricted but rather created. Versions of deceptions and conducts are manufactured by the nature of its authority. Inversely it this ability to create a play that feeds into and bolsterers standards nature of authority. Between the two comes protocols and procedures, especially in reactive instances such as medical prognosis, where the best version of a choice has to be made admits a plethora of options. In this information mobility becomes key. Standards allow for a common semiotic system. Any new choice, information or action that takes place in the limited occasion, need only be translated into the common signifiers in order to be made legible to the whole system and its actors.
Taking these three concepts of standards, Busch augments them as to apply to neoliberal institutions, political thought, and socio-technical systems. It is here that Busch methodology truly comes forth. Just as he draws common threads between the functioning of standards in various institutions, he simultaneously does the same for the neoliberal institutions that they operate within. The thrust of his argument is to show that both neoliberal logic and conduct, and the ubiquitous standards that inhabit the various conditions of social life, are intertwined in a dynamic relationship, setting of trends of growth, the notion of development and forms of choice. The extent of the is dynamic relation is best shown through sites of contention where standards in achieving safety, justice or even health can vary according to locative conditions. 
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1. Framing : Identify the Concern, Context and Question. Comment on the relation of the three.

Tuesday, May 14, 2019 - 12:27pm

The key notion that Busch communicates in the introduction is that of ubiquity. Standards are first listed out in their mundane ever presences, followed by an emphasis on a range of fields, ideas, and processes that sacrum to an idea of standards. Here, Busch very quickly builds a running thread of concern that is communicated with an almost commonsensical tone. He concern is the idea of ubiquity, a proximate ubiquity that the reader is embedded in, and has access to. However, Busch soon shifts focus to the various thinkers and disciplines that have concerned themselves with standards. Busch achieves two things with this move. First, his presentation of former scholarly analysis serves less in populating his own work with ideas, and more in building another dimension of concern, legitimizing the consistency this idea, thus making the question of standards as ubiquitous as its actual presence. However, in this first move, the prevalence is articulated as a distributed idea, commented on and engaged with varying philosophers, sociologist, and historians. Throughout this listing Busch takes pains not to lose the commonsensical tone, unhesitatingly drawing attention to the drab and tedious nature of studying standards. The second simultaneous, subtler move, is that of shaping concern. The ubiquity of standards is well established and legitimized, however, this legitimacy is done through the gaze of social science, thus lays the foundation for the direction with which he takes his reading of standards. To be clear, though Busch makes it clear that standards are wide-ranging and complex, he ultimately focuses on socio- philosophical aspects such as power, quality, justice, and democracy. The weight of this point, especially at the level of context is that seed of his larger idea, that standards though existing as conditions that shape the world we know are implicitly dependent on larger socio-philosophical conditions and operations themselves.
This point is prefaced in the introduction by the concept of ubiquity again, however in Busch's problematization of same. Busch, in his characterization of the ubiquitous nature, both in its presentation and historical treatment, exposes the limitations of its subsequent understanding. A particular aspect comes from a proposed dislocation between analysis that operates at the institutional and the embodied level. Thus ubiquity in its tediousness, vastness, and general appearance obfuscates the complex and locative condition that make the operation of standards possible

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